ISSN: 2734-9438
Website: www.jomc.vn
Identifying factors affecting green real estate investment development project management in Vietnam from the developer’s perspective through the extended TOE+F framework
Abstract
This study extends the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework into a TOE+F model comprising six factor groups to identify and rank the determinants of green real estate investment project management in Vietnam from the developer’s perspective. The proposed framework isolates finance (F) as an independent analytical dimension, distinguishes strategic governance capacity (O1) from operational implementation capacity (O2), and separates the external environment into institutional (E1) and market (E2) contexts. The factor system was developed through a systematic literature review covering the period 2005-2025, reducing 42 initial factors to 22 preliminary candidates. These were validated through a two-round Delphi survey involving 18 experts from seven stakeholder groups, followed by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to derive priority weights. The final model confirms 20 factors. The AHP results indicate that Finance-Cost (27.27%) and the Institutional Environment (24.06%) are the two most influential groups. The five highest-ranked factors account for 44% of the total weight and are concentrated in the conceptualization and project formulation stages. Three Vietnam-specific factors-integrated design process (IDP), green taxonomy, and measurement-reporting-verification (MRV)-also achieved strong consensus. These findings provide an empirical basis for policymakers, developers, and financial institutions to prioritize the core drivers of green real estate development in Vietnam.
References
- United Nations Environment Programme, "Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2024/25," 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-status-report-buildings-and-construction-20242025 [Accessed Mar. 10, 2026].
- International Finance Corporation, "Vietnam Green Building Market Overview 2025," 2026. [Online]. Available: https://edgebuildings.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Official.VNGB-Q4-2025.pdf [Accessed Mar. 10, 2026].
- B.-G. Hwang and J. S. Tan, "Sustainable project management for green construction: challenges, impact and solutions," in Proc. World Construction Conference, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2012, pp. 171-179.
- B.-G. Hwang, Performance and Improvement of Green Construction Projects: Management Strategies and Innovations. 2018.
- B.-G. Hwang and W. J. Ng, "Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges," International Journal of Project Management, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 272-284, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.05.004.
- L. B. Robichaud and V. S. Anantatmula, "Greening project management practices for sustainable construction," Journal of Management in Engineering, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 48-57, 2011.
- E. Chan, Q. Qian, and P. Lam, "The market for green building in developed Asian cities--the perspectives of building designers," Energy Policy, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 3061-3070, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.03.057.
- X. Zhang, "Green real estate development in China: State of art and prospect agenda—A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 47, pp. 1-13, 2015.
- A. Darko, A. Chan, E. Effah, B.-J. He, and A. Olanipekun, "Examining issues influencing green building technologies adoption: The United States green building experts' perspectives," Energy and Buildings, vol. 144, pp. 320-332, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.060.
- T. T. H. Lam, H. L. Dang, and N. T. L. Dinh, "Developing the green real estate market in Vietnam: Challenges and policy recommendations," Economy and Forecast Review, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://kinhtevadubao.vn/phat-trien-thi-truong-bat-dong-san-xanh-o-viet-nam-thach-thuc-va-khuyen-nghi-chinh-sach-31890.html [Accessed Mar. 10, 2026].
- H. T. Nguyen, M. Skitmore, M. Gray, X. Zhang, and A. O. Olanipekun, "Will green building development take off? An exploratory study of barriers to green building in Vietnam," Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 127, pp. 8-20, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.012.
- International Finance Corporation, "Green Building Market Stakeholder Assessment: Vietnam," 2024.
- H. Pham, S. Y. Kim, and T. V. Luu, "Managerial perceptions on barriers to sustainable construction in developing countries: Vietnam case," Environment, Development and Sustainability, vol. 22, pp. 2694-2714, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-019-00331-6.
- Q. D. Tran, S. Nazir, T. H. Nguyen, et al., "Empirical examination of factors influencing the adoption of green building technologies: The perspective of construction developers in developing economies," Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 19, p. 8067, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/su12198067.
- W. Wang et al., "Revisiting what factors promote BIM adoption more effectively through the TOE framework: A meta-analysis," Frontiers of Engineering Management, vol. 12, 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s42524-025-4056-8.
- L. G. Tornatzky, M. Fleischer, and A. K. Chakrabarti, The Processes of Technological Innovation. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990.
- H. Yuan, Y. Yang, and X. Xue, "Promoting owners' BIM adoption behaviors to achieve sustainable project management," Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 14, p. 3905, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/su11143905.
- N. Phuoc, "The critical factors impacting artificial intelligence applications adoption in Vietnam: A structural equation modeling analysis," Economies, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 129, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/economies10060129.
- T. H. L. Nguyen, "Factors affecting the adoption of artificial intelligence in auditing activities: Empirical evidence from Vietnam," Journal of Economics - Law and Banking, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 162-178, 2025. DOI: 10.59276/JELB.2025.11.2825.
- R. Freeman and J. McVea, "A stakeholder approach to strategic management," SSRN Electronic Journal, 2001. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.263511.
- R. Mitchell, B. Agle, and D. Wood, "Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts," The Academy of Management Review, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 853-886, 1997. DOI: 10.2307/259247.
- H. Linstone and M. Turoff, The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975.
- H. von der Gracht, "Consensus measurement in Delphi studies: Review and implications for future quality assurance," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 79, no. 8, pp. 1525-1536, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2012.04.013.
- R. Schmidt, "Managing Delphi survey using nonparametric statistical techniques," Decision Sciences, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 763-774, 1997. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5915.1997.tb01330.x.
- C. Shi, Y. Zhang, C. Li, P. Li, and H. Zhu, "Using the Delphi method to identify risk factors contributing to adverse events in residential aged care facilities," Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, vol. 13, pp. 523-537, 2020. DOI: 10.2147/RMHP.S243929.
- T. Saaty, "Decision making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process," International Journal of Services Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 83-98, 2008. DOI: 10.1504/IJSSCI.2008.017590.
- R. E. Freeman, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
- U. Hartenberger and D. Lorenz, "Breaking the Vicious Circle of Blame - Making the Business Case for Sustainable Buildings," London, 2008. [Online]. Available: https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000038462/2972480 [Accessed Mar. 10, 2026].

